Avoiding template pollution

After PostgreSQL has been installed and started, many people wonder how to stop it. The most simplistic way is, of course, to use your service postgresql stop or /etc/init.d/postgresql stop init scripts.

However, some administrators tend to be a bit crueler and use kill -9 to terminate PostgreSQL. In general, this is not really beneficial because it will cause some nasty side effects. Why is this so?

The PostgreSQL architecture works like this: when you start PostgreSQL you are starting a process called postmaster. Whenever a new connection comes in, this postmaster forks and creates a so-called backend process (BE). This process is in charge of handling exactly one connection. In a working system, you might see hundreds of processes serving hundreds of users. The important thing here is that all of those processes are synchronized through some common chunk of memory (traditionally, shared memory, and in the more recent versions, mapped memory), and all of them have access to this chunk. What might happen if a database connection or any other process in the PostgreSQL infrastructure is killed with kill -9? A process modifying this common chunk of memory might die while making a change. The process killed cannot defend itself against the onslaught, so who can guarantee that the shared memory is not corrupted due to the interruption?

This is exactly when the postmaster steps in. It ensures that one of these backend processes has died unexpectedly. To prevent the potential corruption from spreading, it kills every other database connection, goes into recovery mode, and fixes the database instance. Then new database connections are allowed again.

While this makes a lot of sense, it can be quite disturbing to those users who are connected to the database system. Therefore, it is highly recommended not to use kill -9. A normal kill will be fine.

Keep in mind that a kill -9 cannot corrupt your database instance, which will always start up again. However, it is pretty nasty to kick everybody out of the system just because of one process!