Book Image

Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms

Book Image

Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms

Overview of this book

Machine learning is a subset of AI that aims to make modern-day computer systems smarter and more intelligent. The real power of machine learning resides in its algorithms, which make even the most difficult things capable of being handled by machines. However, with the advancement in the technology and requirements of data, machines will have to be smarter than they are today to meet the overwhelming data needs; mastering these algorithms and using them optimally is the need of the hour. Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms is your complete guide to quickly getting to grips with popular machine learning algorithms. You will be introduced to the most widely used algorithms in supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised machine learning, and will learn how to use them in the best possible manner. Ranging from Bayesian models to the MCMC algorithm to Hidden Markov models, this book will teach you how to extract features from your dataset and perform dimensionality reduction by making use of Python-based libraries such as scikit-learn v0.19.1. You will also learn how to use Keras and TensorFlow 1.x to train effective neural networks. If you are looking for a single resource to study, implement, and solve end-to-end machine learning problems and use-cases, this is the book you need.

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Table of Contents (22 chapters)
Title Page
Title Page
Dedication
Dedication
Packt Upsell
Packt Upsell
Contributors
Contributors
Preface
Preface
Free Chapter
1
Machine Learning Model Fundamentals
Machine Learning Model Fundamentals
Models and data
Features of a machine learning model
Loss and cost functions
Summary
2
Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning
Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning
Semi-supervised scenario
Generative Gaussian mixtures
Contrastive pessimistic likelihood estimation
Semi-supervised Support Vector Machines (S3VM)
Transductive Support Vector Machines (TSVM)
Summary
3
Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning
Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning
Label propagation
Label spreading
Label propagation based on Markov random walks
Manifold learning
Summary
4
Bayesian Networks and Hidden Markov Models
Bayesian Networks and Hidden Markov Models
Conditional probabilities and Bayes' theorem
Bayesian networks
Hidden Markov Models (HMMs)
Summary
5
EM Algorithm and Applications
EM Algorithm and Applications
MLE and MAP learning
EM algorithm
Gaussian mixture
Factor analysis
Principal Component Analysis
Independent component analysis
Addendum to HMMs
Summary
6
Hebbian Learning and Self-Organizing Maps
Hebbian Learning and Self-Organizing Maps
Hebb's rule
Sanger's network
Rubner-Tavan's network
Self-organizing maps
Summary
7
Clustering Algorithms
Clustering Algorithms
k-Nearest Neighbors
K-means
Fuzzy C-means
Spectral clustering
Summary
8
Ensemble Learning
Ensemble Learning
Ensemble learning fundamentals
Random forests
AdaBoost
Gradient boosting
Ensembles of voting classifiers
Ensemble learning as model selection
Summary
9
Neural Networks for Machine Learning
Neural Networks for Machine Learning
The basic artificial neuron
Perceptron
Multilayer perceptrons
Optimization algorithms
Regularization and dropout
Batch normalization
Summary
10
Advanced Neural Models
Advanced Neural Models
Deep convolutional networks
Recurrent networks
Transfer learning
Summary
11
Autoencoders
Autoencoders
Autoencoders
Variational autoencoders
Summary
12
Generative Adversarial Networks
Generative Adversarial Networks
Adversarial training
Wasserstein GAN (WGAN)
Summary
13
Deep Belief Networks
Deep Belief Networks
MRF
RBMs
DBNs
Summary
14
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning fundamentals
Policy iteration
Value iteration
TD(0) algorithm
Summary
15
Advanced Policy Estimation Algorithms
Advanced Policy Estimation Algorithms
TD(λ) algorithm
SARSA algorithm
Q-learning
Summary
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Index
Index

Perceptron

Perceptron was the name that Frank Rosenblatt gave to the first neural model in 1957. A perceptron is a neural network with a single layer of input linear neurons, followed by an output unit based on the sign(•) function (alternatively, it's possible to consider a bipolar unit whose output is -1 and 1). The architecture of a perceptron is shown in the following diagram:

Even if the diagram can appear as quite complex, a perceptron can be summarized by the following equation:

All the vectors are conventionally column-vectors; therefore, the dot product wTxi transforms the input into a scalar, then the bias is added, and the binary output is obtained using the step function, which outputs 1 when z > 0 and 0 otherwise. At this point, a reader could object that the step function is non-linear; however, a non-linearity applied to the output layer is only a filtering operation that has no effect on the actual computation. Indeed, the output is already decided by the linear block, while...

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