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Table Of Contents
Hands-On Image Processing and Computer Vision with Python - Second Edition
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Image segmentation is a foundational problem in computer vision that focuses on decomposing an image into semantically or structurally consistent regions. Unlike image classification, which summarizes an entire scene with a single label, or object detection, which represents objects using coarse spatial abstractions such as bounding boxes (we shall explore both of them in the next chapter), segmentation provides a dense and fine-grained interpretation of visual content by assigning labels at the pixel level. This pixel-wise reasoning enables a richer representation of scene structure, bridging low-level visual cues with high-level semantic understanding, and serving as a critical step in applications ranging from medical imaging to scene parsing and interactive vision systems.
Formally, given an image
, segmentation seeks a partition:

where each region
corresponds to a semantically or structurally meaningful...
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