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Hands-On Image Processing and Computer Vision with Python - Second Edition
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In contrast to the classical methods explored earlier, where segmentation relied on handcrafted features, thresholds, and heuristic rules, deep learning learns hierarchical representations directly from data. Convolutional and transformer-based architectures model complex spatial patterns, enabling robust segmentation under variations in illumination, scale, texture, and occlusion.
Formally, the mapping
is parameterized by a deep network with parameters
, optimized over a dataset
by minimizing a loss function:
,
where
measures the discrepancy between predicted and ground-truth segmentation masks (e.g., cross-entropy, Dice loss).
A key distinction from classical pipelines is that feature extraction and decision-making are unified within a single end-to-end trainable model. This allows the network to automatically learn multi-scale, context-aware features that are difficult to engineer manually.
The three paradigms considered...
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