We have learned about the most common Python libraries used in data analysis and data science, which make up the Python data science stack. We learned how to ingest data, select it, filter it, and aggregate it. We saw how to export the results of our analysis and generate some quick graphs.

These are steps done in almost any data analysis. The ideas and operations demonstrated here can be applied to data manipulation with big data. Spark DataFrames were created with the pandas interface in mind, and several operations are performed in a very similar fashion in pandas and Spark, greatly simplifying the analysis process. Another great advantage of knowing your way around pandas is that Spark can convert its DataFrames to pandas DataFrames and back again, enabling analysts to work with the best tool for the job.

Before going into big data, we need to understand how to better visualize the results of our analysis. Our understanding of the data and its behavior can be greatly enhanced if we visualize it using the correct plots. We can draw inferences and see anomalies and patterns when we plot the data.

In the next chapter, we will learn how to choose the right graph for each kind of data and analysis, and how to plot it using Matplotlib and Seaborn.