No doubt that fixed coordinates are the most flexible way of organizing elements in an n-dimensional space; however, it is very time-consuming. Instead, Kivy provides a good set of layouts instead, which facilitate the work of organizing widgets. A Layout is a Widget subclass that implements different strategies to organize embedded widgets. For example, one strategy could be organizing widgets in a grid (GridLayout).

Let's start with a simple FloatLayout example. It works very similar to the way we organize widgets directly inside another Widget, except that now we can use proportional coordinates (proportions of the total size of the window) rather than fixed coordinates (exact pixels). This means that we don't need the calculations we did in the previous section with self and root. The following is the Python code:

68. # File name: floatlayout.py
69. 
70. from kivy.app import App
71. from kivy.uix.floatlayout import FloatLayout
72. 
73. class FloatLayoutApp(App):
74.   def build(self):
75.     return FloatLayout()
76. 
77. if __name__=="__main__":
78.   FloatLayoutApp().run()

There is nothing new in the preceding code (floatlayout.py) except for the use of FloatLayout (on line 75). The interesting parts are in the Kivy language (floatlayout.kv):

79. # File name: floatlayout.py
80. <Button>:
81.   color: .8,.9,0,1
82.   font_size: 32
83.   size_hint: .4, .3
84. 
85. <FloatLayout>:
86.   Button:
87.     text: 'Hello'
88.     pos_hint: {'x': 0, 'top': 1}
89.   Button:
90.     text: 'World!'
91.     pos_hint: {'right': 1, 'y': 0}

In the floatlayout.kv code file, we use two new properties, size_hint and pos_hint, which work with the proportional coordinates with values ranging from 0 to 1; (0, 0) is the bottom-left corner and (1, 1) the top-right corner. For example, the size_hint on line 83 sets the width to 40 percent of the current window width and the height to 30 percent of the current window height. Something similar happens to the pos_hint but the notation is different: a Python dictionary where the keys (for example, 'x' or 'top') indicate which part of the widget is referenced. For instance, 'x' is the left border. Notice that we use the top key instead of y in line 88 and right instead of x in line 91. The top and right properties respectively reference the top and right edges of the Button, so it makes the positioning simpler. That doesn't mean we could have used x and y for both the axes. For example, something like pos_hint: {'x': .85, 'y': 0} on line 91. The right and top keys avoids some calculations and makes the code clearer. The next screenshot illustrates the output of the previous code with the available keys for the pos_hint dictionary:

Using FloatLayout

The available pos_hint keys ( x, center_x, right, y , center_y, and top) are useful for aligning to edges or centering. For example, pos_hint: {'center_x':.5, 'center_y':.5} would align a Widget in the middle, no matter what the size of the window is.

Could have we used top and right with the fixed positioning of widgets2.kv (in line 64 and 67)? Yes, we could; but notice that pos doesn't accept Python dictionaries ({'x':0,'y':0}) that just lists of values (0,0). Therefore, instead of using the pos property, we have to use the x, center_x, right, y, center_y, and top properties directly. For example, instead of pos: root.x, root.top - self.height, we would have used the following code:

  x: 0
  top: root.height

Notice that these properties always specify fixed values (pixels) and not proportional ones.

If we are using a Layout instance, can we force the use of fixed values? Yes, but there can be conflicts if we are not careful with the properties we use. If we use any Layout, then pos_hint and size_hint will have the priority. If we want to use fixed positioning properties (pos, x, center_x, right, y, center_y, and top), we have to ensure that we are not using the pos_hint property. Secondly, if we want to use the size, height, or width properties, we need to give a None value to the size_hint axis we want to use with the absolute values. For example, size_hint: (None, .10) allows using the height property, but it keeps the width as 10 percent of the windows size. The following table summarizes everything we learned about the positioning and sizing properties. The first and second columns indicate the name of the property and its respective value. The third and fourth columns indicate if it is available for layouts and for widgets:

We have to be careful because some of the properties behave different according to the layout we are using. Kivy currently has seven different layouts; six of them are briefly described in the following table. The left column shows the name of the Kivy Layout class and the right column describes briefly how they work:

The seventh layout, which is the ScatterLayout, works similar to RelativeLayout but it allows multitouch gesturing for rotating, scaling, and translating. It is slightly different in its implementation so we will review it later. The Kivy API (http://kivy.org/docs/api-kivy.html) offers a detailed explanation and good examples on each of them. The behavioral difference of the properties depending on the Layout is sometimes unexpected but the following are some of the hints that will help you in the GUI building process:

There are more properties and particularities of each Layout, but with the ones we have covered, you will be able to build almost any GUI you desire. In general, the recommendation is to use the layout as it is. Don't try to force the layout through an odd configuration of properties. Instead, it is better to use more layouts and embed them to reach our design goals. In the next section, we will teach you how to embed layouts, and we will offer a more comprehensive example of them.