In this chapter, we'll cover Kotlin's type system, object-oriented programming (OOP) with Kotlin, modifiers, destructuring declarations, and more.

Kotlin is, primarily, an OOP language with some functional features. When we use OOP languages to resolve problems, we try to model the objects that are a part of our problem in an abstract way with the information that is relevant to the problem.

If we're designing an HR module for our company, we'll model employees with state or data (name, date of birth, social security number, and others) and behavior (pay salary, transfer to another division, and others). Because a person can be very complex, there is information that isn't relevant for our problem or domain. For example, the employee's favorite style of bicycle isn't relevant for our HR system, but it is very relevant for an online cycling shop.

Once we identify the objects (with data and behavior) and the relationship with other objects of our domain, we can start developing and writing the code that we'll make a part of our software solution. We'll use language constructs (construct is a fancy way to say allowed syntax) to write the objects, categories, relationships, and so on.

Kotlin has many constructs that we can use to write our programs and, in this chapter, we'll cover many of those constructs, such as: