We don't want to explain the entirety of networking here as it is another vast, traditionally acronym-riddled theme with its own long history, but we will try to give a simple introduction to the most popular protocols. What is a protocol, you may ask? Let's say that it is a predefined, already implemented solution for sending data between computers. This implementation is located in the OS kernel and the programmer can use it out-of-the-box.
When communicating between two computers over a network, we can use two types of protocol: the so-called Transport Protocols, whose only purpose is to send opaque data from endpoints A to B, and the so-called Application Protocols, which will implement some logic using a transport protocol to send data.
Protocols are layered, that is, they are placed on top of each other, as any protocol higher up in the...