The architecture design document is a technical document describing the components and specifications required to support the solution and ensure that the specific business and technical requirements of the design are satisfied.
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An excellent example of an architecture design document is the Cloud Infrastructure Architecture Case Study White Paper article that can be found at http://www.vmware.com/files/pdf/techpaper/cloud-infrastructure-achitecture-case-study.pdf.
The architect creates the architecture design document to document the design factors and the specific choices that have been made to satisfy those factors. The document serves as a way for the architect to show his work when making design decisions. The architecture design document includes the conceptual, logical, and physical designs.