A brief history of templates
Template metaprogramming is the C++ implementation of generic programming. This paradigm was first explored in the 1970s and the first major languages to support it were Ada and Eiffel in the first half of the 1980s. David Musser and Alexander Stepanov defined generic programming, in a paper called Generic Programming, in 1989, as follows:
This defines a paradigm of programming where algorithms are defined in terms of types that are specified later and instantiated based on their use.
Templates were not part of the initial C with Classes language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup. Stroustrup's first papers describing templates in C++ appeared in 1986, one year after the publication of his book, The C++ Programming Language, First Edition. Templates became available in the C++ language in 1990, before the ANSI and ISO C++ committees for standardization were founded.
In the early 1990s, Alexander Stepanov, David Musser, and Meng Lee experimented with the implementation in C++ of various generic concepts. This led to the first implementation of the Standard Template Library (STL). When the ANSI/ISO committee became aware of the library in 1994, it quickly added it to the drafted specifications. STL was standardized along with the C++ language in 1998 in what became known as C++98.
Newer versions of the C++ standard, collectively referred to as modern C++, have introduced various improvements to template metaprogramming. The following table lists them briefly:
Table 1.1
All these features, along with other aspects of template metaprogramming, will make the sole subject of this book and will be presented in detail in the following chapters. For now, let's see what the advantages and disadvantages are of using templates.