This is actually quite a technical subject. To this end, we will have to make a few assumptions regarding the reader's programming background. To this end, we will assume the following:

• You have an intermediate level of programming experience in Python.
• You are familiar with standard Python scientific packages, such as NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib.
• You have an intermediate ability in any C-based programming language (C, C++, Java, Rust, Go, and so on).
• You understand the concept of dynamic memory allocation in C (particularly how to use the C malloc and free functions.)

GPU programming is mostly applicable to fields that are very scientific or mathematical in nature, so many (if not most) of the examples will make use of some math. For this reason, we are assuming that the reader has some familiarity with first or second-year college mathematics, including:

• Trigonometry (the sinusoidal functions: sin, cos, tan …)
• Calculus (integrals, derivatives, gradients)
• Statistics (uniform and normal distributions)
• Linear Algebra (vectors, matrices, vector spaces, dimensionality).

We will be making another assumption here. Remember that we will be working only with CUDA in this text, which is a proprietary programming language for NVIDIA hardware. We will, therefore, need to have some specific hardware in our possession before we get started. So, I will assume that the reader has access to the following:

• A 64-bit x86 Intel/AMD-based PC
• 4 Gigabytes (GB) of RAM or more
• An entry-level NVIDIA GTX 1050 GPU (Pascal Architecture) or better

The reader should know that most older GPUs will probably work fine with most, if not all, examples in this text, but the examples in this text have only been tested on a GTX 1050 under Windows 10 and a GTX 1070 under Linux. Specific instructions regarding setup and configuration are given in Chapter 2, Setting Up Your GPU Programming Environment.

You can download the example code files for this book from your account at www.packt.com. If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit www.packt.com/support and register to have the files emailed directly to you.

You can download the code files by following these steps:

1. Log in or register at www.packt.com.
2. Select the SUPPORT tab.
3. Click on Code Downloads & Errata.
4. Enter the name of the book in the Search box and follow the onscreen instructions.

Once the file is downloaded, please make sure that you unzip or extract the folder using the latest version of:

• WinRAR/7-Zip for Windows
• Zipeg/iZip/UnRarX for Mac
• 7-Zip/PeaZip for Linux

The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Hands-On-GPU-Programming-with-Python-and-CUDA. In case there's an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository.

We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

We also provide a PDF file that has color images of the screenshots/diagrams used in this book. You can download it here: http://www.packtpub.com/sites/default/files/downloads/9781788993913_ColorImages.pdf.

There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.

CodeInText: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: "We can now use the cublasSaxpy function."

A block of code is set as follows:

cublas.cublasDestroy(handle)
print 'cuBLAS returned the correct value: %s' % np.allclose(np.dot(A,x), y_gpu.get())

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

def compute_gflops(precision='S'):

if precision=='S':
    float_type = 'float32'
elif precision=='D':
    float_type = 'float64'
else:
    return -1

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

$ run cublas_gemm_flops.py

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see on screen. For example, words in menus or dialog boxes appear in the text like this.