The field of statistics comprised the first organized study of data analysis. In this chapter, we have touched upon some of the main concepts in that field: random sampling, random variables, univariate and multivariate probability distributions, conditional probability and independence, Bayes' theorem and the central limit theorem, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing. These are all topics that the data analyst should understand.
Some topics, such as the central limit theorem, are more mathematical and require some application of calculus for complete understanding. But even without that, we can appreciate the conclusion of the theorem, and we can recognize its operating principle when we see it.