We'll begin assuming that a shader program has been successfully compiled, and its ID is in the program variable.

To save the shader binary, first verify that the driver supports at least one shader binary format:

GLint formats = 0;
glGetIntegerv(GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS, &formats);
if( formats < 1 ) {
  std::cerr << "Driver does not support any binary formats." << std::endl;
  exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

Then, assuming at least one binary format is available, use glGetProgramBinary to retrieve the compiled shader code and write it to a file:

// Get the binary length
GLint length = 0;
glGetProgramiv(program, GL_PROGRAM_BINARY_LENGTH, &length);

// Retrieve the binary code
std::vector<GLubyte> buffer(length);
GLenum format = 0;
glGetProgramBinary(program, length, NULL, &format, buffer.data());

// Write the binary to a file.
std::string fName("shader.bin");
std::cout << "Writing to " << fName << ", binary format = " <<format << std::endl;
std::ofstream out(fName.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
out.write( reinterpret_cast<char *>(buffer.data()), length );
out.close();

To load and use a shader binary, retrieve the compiled program from storage, and use glProgramBinary to load it into the OpenGL context:

GLuint program = glCreateProgram();

// Load binary from file
std::ifstream inputStream("shader.bin", std::ios::binary);
std::istreambuf_iterator<char> startIt(inputStream), endIt;
std::vector<char> buffer(startIt, endIt);  // Load file
inputStream.close();

// Install shader binary
glProgramBinary(program, format, buffer.data(), buffer.size() );

// Check for success/failure
GLint status;
glGetprogramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
if( GL_FALSE == status ) {
  // Handle failure ...
}

Drivers can support zero or more binary formats. The call to glGetIntegerv with the GL_NUM_PROGRAM_BINARY_FORMATS constant queries the driver to see how many are available. If this number is zero, the OpenGL driver does not support reading or writing shader binaries. If the value is one or more, we're good to go.

If at least one binary format is available, we can use glGetProgramBinary to retrieve the compiled shader code shown earlier. The function will write the binary format used to the location pointed to by the fourth parameter. In the preceding example, the data is stored in the vector named buffer.

To load the shader binary, we can use glProgramBinary. This function will load a previously saved shader binary. It requires the binary format to be passed as the second parameter. We can then check GL_LINK_STATUS to verify that it was loaded without error.