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  • Book Overview & Buying The PHP Workshop
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The PHP Workshop

The PHP Workshop

By : Martinez, Busuioc, Carr, Gray, Joshi, McCollum, McLeod, Tonu
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Buy this Book
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The PHP Workshop

The PHP Workshop

4 (4)
By: Martinez, Busuioc, Carr, Gray, Joshi, McCollum, McLeod, Tonu
Buy this Book

Overview of this book

Do you want to build your own websites, but have never really been confident enough to turn your ideas into real projects? If your web development skills are a bit rusty, or if you've simply never programmed before, The PHP Workshop will show you how to build dynamic websites using PHP with the help of engaging examples and challenging activities. This PHP tutorial starts with an introduction to PHP, getting you set up with a productive development environment. You will write, execute, and troubleshoot your first PHP script using a built-in templating engine and server. Next, you'll learn about variables and data types, and see how conditions and loops help control the flow of a PHP program. Progressing through the chapters, you'll use HTTP methods to turn your PHP scripts into web apps, persist data by connecting to an external database, handle application errors, and improve functionality by using third-party packages. By the end of this Workshop, you'll be well-versed in web application development, and have the knowledge and skills to creatively tackle your own ambitious projects with PHP.
Table of Contents (12 chapters)
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Preface
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Preface
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About the Book
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1
1. Introducing PHP
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1. Introducing PHP
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Introduction
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Getting Started with PHP Web Development
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HyperText Markup Language
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Cascading Style Sheets
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Using the Server Variable
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Summary
2
2. Types and Operators
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2. Types and Operators
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Introduction
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What are Data Types?
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Scalar Types
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Operators and Expressions
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Summary
3
3. Control Statements
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3. Control Statements
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Introduction
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Boolean Expressions
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Boolean Constants
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Logical Operators
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Branching
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Looping
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Summary
4
4. Functions
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4. Functions
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Introduction
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What is a Callable?
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Language Constructs
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Introduction to Built-In Functions
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Introduction to User-Defined Functions
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Summary
5
5. Object-Oriented Programming
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5. Object-Oriented Programming
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Introduction
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The Object-Oriented Approach
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Interfaces
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Overriding
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Traits
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Namespaces
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Summary
6
6. Using HTTP
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6. Using HTTP
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Introduction
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The Request-Response Cycle of a Web Application
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Query Strings
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PHP Superglobals
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Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
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Summary
7
7. Data Persistence
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7. Data Persistence
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Introduction
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File I/O Handling
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Databases
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Summary
8
8. Error Handling
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8. Error Handling
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Introduction
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Errors in PHP
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Exceptions
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Summary
9
9. Composer
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9. Composer
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Introduction
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Dependency Management
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Semantic Versioning
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Namespaces
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Summary
10
10. Web Services
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10. Web Services
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Introduction
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An Example Web Service
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HTTP Headers
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Summary
1
Appendix
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Appendix
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1. Introducing PHP
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2. Types and Operators
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3. Control Statements
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4. Functions
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5. Object-Oriented Programming
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6. Using HTTP
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7. Data Persistence
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8. Error Handling
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9. Composer
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10. Web Services

HyperText Markup Language

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a language whose meaning is defined via tags and attributes in a hierarchical way. It is used for creating documents such as web pages on the World Wide Web, which are usually displayed in a web browser. They can include texts, links, pictures, and even sound and video.

HTML uses different tags and attributes to define the layout of a web document such as forms.

A tag is an HTML element enclosed by < and >, such as <body>, <p>, and <br>. It consists of an opening tag and an ending tag, with content in-between. For example, consider the following line of HTML:

<p>A paragraph</p>

The opening tag is <p> and the closing tag is </p>, while the content is A paragraph.

An attribute of the HTML element provides additional information about the element and is described by its name and value and has the following syntax: name[="value"]. Specifying the value is optional. For example, the following hyperlink has an attribute with the name href, and the value /home:

<a href="/home">Home</a>

Any HTML document requires the document type declaration, <!DOCTYPE html>, and the <title> tag, like this:

<!DOCTYPE html><title>The document title</title>

There is a list of optional tags that many developers use to create the structure of an HTML document, which are <html>, <head>, and <body>. The <html> tag is the root tag of the HTML document, which is placed immediately after the document type declaration. It will contain the other two optional tags: <head> and <body>. The <head> tag is used for the page metadata and includes <meta> tags to describe the encoding character set used in document for example, it includes the <title> tag, and external resources, such as styles, fonts, and scripts. The <body> block is used to render its contents in a browser window and includes the largest variety of HTML tags.

The aforementioned HTML tags can be seen in any HTML document.

Here's a list of the most frequently used tags:

  • <div>: This tag defines a section in an HTML document. It is usually used as a wrapper element for other HTML elements.
  • <h1> to <h6>: The heading tags are used to define the heading of the HTML document. <h1> defines the most important headings (they also use the biggest font size), while <h6> defines the least important headings. They can be used anywhere in an HTML document.
  • <p>: The paragraph tag is used to define paragraph content in an HTML document.
  • <em>: The emphasis tag is used to emphasize text.
  • <b> and/or <strong>: The bold tag is used to specify bold content.
  • <a href="..."> Link name </a>: The anchor tag is used to link one page to another page.
  • <ul> and <li>: The unordered list and list item tags are used to list the content without order (like a bulleted list).
  • <ol>: This tag is used to represent a numbered list
  • <br>: The line break tag is used to break the line.
  • <img>: The image tag is used to add an image element to an HTML document.
  • <hr>: The horizontal rule tag is used to display the horizontal line in an HTML document.
  • <table>: The table tag is used to create a table in an HTML document.
  • <tr>: The table row tag is used to define a row in an HTML table.
  • <th>: The table heading cell tag defines the header cell in a table.
  • <td>: The table data cell tag defines the standard cell in a table.
  • <form>: The form tag is used to create an HTML form.
  • <input>: The input tag is used to collect and submit user data (such as forms from a browser).
  • <select> and <option>: The select input tag is used to select an option value from a drop-down list.
  • <label>: The label tag prints the label for a form input.

Consider the following HTML block:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head> 
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>HTML Document Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Heading Text</h1>
<p>A paragraph</p>
<form method="post">
    <input type="text" name="domain">
    <input type="submit" value="Send">
</form>
</body>
</html>

Let's have a look at the HTML elements in this block:

  • <!DOCTYPE html> declares the document type to HTML5.
  • <html lang="en"> is the opening tag for the root element of the HTML document. The lang attribute is pointing to the document content language.
  • <head> opens the metadata block.
  • <meta charset="utf-8"> declares the character set used in the HTML document.
  • <title>HTML Document Title</title> sets the title to HTML Document Title.
  • <body> opens the HTML document content block.
  • <h1>Heading Text</h1> adds a Heading Text heading.
  • <p>A paragraph</p> adds a paragraph containing the text A paragraph.
  • <form method="post"> opens the form block, declaring the method that will be used to send its data (more about this in Chapter 6, Using HTTP).
  • <input type="text" name="domain"> adds a text input field called domain. The "domain" value is the name of the input type.
  • <input type="submit" value="Send"> adds a submit button with Send on it.
  • </form>, </head>, </body>, and </html> are the closing tags for the <form>, <head>, <body>, and <html> tags.

The preceding code will render the following web page:

Figure 1.6: Layout of the web page

Figure 1.6: Layout of the web page

We can access the file with a GET request. Submitting the form will result in a POST request:

Figure 1.7: Methods used

Figure 1.7: Methods used

Request types and form data submission will be covered in Chapter 6, Using HTTP.

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