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Dancing with Python

By : Robert S. Sutor

5 (7)

Dancing with Python

5 (7)

By: Robert S. Sutor

Overview of this book

Dancing with Python helps you learn Python and quantum computing in a practical way. It will help you explore how to work with numbers, strings, collections, iterators, and files. The book goes beyond functions and classes and teaches you to use Python and Qiskit to create gates and circuits for classical and quantum computing. Learn how quantum extends traditional techniques using the Grover Search Algorithm and the code that implements it. Dive into some advanced and widely used applications of Python and revisit strings with more sophisticated tools, such as regular expressions and basic natural language processing (NLP). The final chapters introduce you to data analysis, visualizations, and supervised and unsupervised machine learning. By the end of the book, you will be proficient in programming the latest and most powerful quantum computers, the Pythonic way.

Preface

Preface

Why did I write this book?

For whom did I write this book?

What does this book cover?

What conventions do I use in this book?

Download the example code files

Download the color images

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Chapter 1: Doing the Things That Coders Do

Chapter 1: Doing the Things That Coders Do

1.1 Data

1.2 Expressions

1.3 Functions

1.4 Libraries

1.5 Collections

1.6 Conditional processing

1.7 Loops

1.8 Exceptions

1.9 Records

1.10 Objects and classes

1.11 Qubits

1.12 Circuits

1.13 Summary

Part I: Getting to Know Python

Part I: Getting to Know Python

Chapter 2: Working with Expressions

Chapter 2: Working with Expressions

2.1 Numbers

2.2 Strings

2.3 Lists

2.4 Variables and assignment

2.5 True and False

2.6 Arithmetic

2.7 String operations

2.8 List operations

2.9 Printing

2.10 Conditionals

2.11 Loops

2.12 Functions

2.13 Summary

Chapter 3: Collecting Things Together

Chapter 3: Collecting Things Together

3.1 The big three

3.2 Lists

3.3 The joy of O(1)

3.4 Tuples

3.5 Comprehensions

3.6 What does “Pythonic” mean?

3.7 Nested comprehensions

3.8 Parallel traverse

3.9 Dictionaries

3.10 Sets

3.11 Summary

Chapter 4: Stringing You Along

Chapter 4: Stringing You Along

4.1 Single, double, and triple quotes

4.2 Testing for substrings

4.3 Accessing characters

4.4 Creating strings

4.5 Strings and iterations

4.6 Strings and slicing

4.7 String tests

4.8 Splitting and stripping

4.9 Summary

Chapter 5: Computing and Calculating

Chapter 5: Computing and Calculating

5.1 Using Python modules

5.2 Integers

5.3 Floating-point numbers

5.4 Rational numbers

5.5 Complex numbers

5.6 Symbolic computation

5.7 Random numbers

5.8 Quantum randomness

5.9 Summary

Chapter 6: Defining and Using Functions

Chapter 6: Defining and Using Functions

6.1 The basic form

6.2 Parameters and arguments

6.3 Naming conventions

6.4 Return values

6.5 Keyword arguments

6.6 Default argument values

6.7 Formatting conventions

6.8 Nested functions

6.9 Variable scope

6.10 Functions are objects

6.11 Anonymous functions

6.12 Recursion

6.13 Summary

Chapter 7: Organizing Objects into Classes

Chapter 7: Organizing Objects into Classes

7.1 Objects

7.2 Classes, methods, and variables

7.3 Object representation

7.4 Magic methods

7.5 Attributes and properties

7.6 Naming conventions and encapsulation

7.7 Commenting Python code

7.8 Documenting Python code

7.9 Enumerations

7.10 More polynomial magic

7.11 Class variables

7.12 Class and static methods

7.13 Inheritance

7.14 Iterators

7.15 Generators

7.16 Objects in collections

7.17 Creating modules

7.18 Summary

Chapter 8: Working with Files

Chapter 8: Working with Files

8.1 Paths and the file system

8.2 Moving around the file system

8.3 Creating and removing directories

8.4 Lists of files and folders

8.5 Names and locations

8.6 Types of files

8.7 Reading and writing files

8.8 Saving and restoring data

8.9 Summary

PART II: Algorithms and Circuits

PART II: Algorithms and Circuits

Chapter 9: Understanding Gates and Circuits

Chapter 9: Understanding Gates and Circuits

9.1 The software stack

9.2 Boolean operations and bit logic gates

9.3 Logic circuits

9.4 Simplifying bit expressions

9.5 Universality for bit gates

9.6 Quantum gates and operations

9.7 Quantum circuits

9.8 Universality for quantum gates

9.9 Summary

Chapter 10: Optimizing and Testing Your Code

Chapter 10: Optimizing and Testing Your Code

10.1 Testing your code

10.2 Timing how long your code takes to run

10.3 Optimizing your code

10.4 Looking for orphan code

10.5 Defining and using decorators

10.6 Summary

Chapter 11: Searching for the Quantum Improvement

Chapter 11: Searching for the Quantum Improvement

11.1 Classical searching

11.2 Quantum searching via Grover

11.3 Oracles

11.4 Inversion about the mean

11.5 Amplitude amplification

11.6 Searching over two qubits

11.7 Summary

PART III: Advanced Features and Libraries

PART III: Advanced Features and Libraries

Chapter 12: Searching and Changing Text

Chapter 12: Searching and Changing Text

12.1 Core string search and replace methods

12.2 Regular expressions

12.3 Introduction to Natural Language Processing

12.4 Summary

Chapter 13: Creating Plots and Charts

Chapter 13: Creating Plots and Charts

13.1 Function plots

13.2 Bar charts

13.3 Histograms

13.4 Pie charts

13.5 Scatter plots

13.6 Moving to three dimensions

13.7 Summary

Chapter 14: Analyzing Data

Chapter 14: Analyzing Data

14.1 Statistics

14.2 Cats and commas

14.3 pandas DataFrames

14.4 Data cleaning

14.5 Statistics with pandas

14.6 Converting categorical data

14.7 Cats by gender in each locality

14.8 Are all tortoiseshell cats female?

14.9 Cats in trees and circles

14.10 Summary

Chapter 15: Learning, Briefly

Chapter 15: Learning, Briefly

15.1 What is machine learning?

15.2 Cats again

15.3 Feature scaling

15.4 Feature selection and reduction

15.5 Clustering

15.6 Classification

15.7 Linear regression

15.8 Concepts of neural networks

15.9 Quantum machine learning

15.10 Summary

References

References

Other Books You May Enjoy

Other Books You May Enjoy

Index

Index Formatting Examples

Appendices

Appendices

Appendix A: Tools

Appendix A: Tools

A.1 The operating system command line

A.2 Installing Python

A.3 Installing Python modules and packages

A.4 Installing a virtual environment

A.5 Installing the Python packages used in this book

A.6 The Python interpreter

A.7 IDLE

A.8 Visual Studio Code

A.9 Jupyter notebooks

A.10 Installing and setting up Qiskit

A.11 The IBM Quantum Composer and Lab

A.12 Linting

Appendix B: Staying Current

Appendix B: Staying Current

B.1 python.org

B.2 qiskit.org

B.3 Python expert sites

B.4 Asking questions and getting answers

Appendix C: The Complete UniPoly Class

Appendix C: The Complete UniPoly Class

Appendix D: The Complete Guitar Class Hierarchy

Appendix D: The Complete Guitar Class Hierarchy

Appendix E: Notices

Appendix E: Notices

E.1 Photos, images, and diagrams

E.2 Data

E.3 Trademarks

E.4 Python 3 license

Appendix F: Production Notes

Appendix F: Production Notes

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6.5 Keyword arguments

Let’s define a function that encapsulates pow from math:

import math

def raiser(base, exponent):
    return math.pow(base, exponent)

I can call raiser using positional arguments, where Python assigns the first argument to base and the second to exponent.

raiser(2, 3)

8.0

I can also explicitly use the names of the parameters in keyword arguments.

raiser(base=2, exponent=3)

8.0

By itself, that’s not very exciting, but it is clearer what the arguments are providing to the function. You can use keyword arguments in any order.

raiser(exponent=3, base=2)

8.0

Positional arguments must come before keyword arguments. This works:

raiser(2, exponent=3)

8.0

but this does not:

raiser(base=2, 3)

SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument

If you want to force users of your code to pass keyword arguments...

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