Book Image

Pretrain Vision and Large Language Models in Python

By : Emily Webber
4.5 (2)
Book Image

Pretrain Vision and Large Language Models in Python

4.5 (2)
By: Emily Webber

Overview of this book

Foundation models have forever changed machine learning. From BERT to ChatGPT, CLIP to Stable Diffusion, when billions of parameters are combined with large datasets and hundreds to thousands of GPUs, the result is nothing short of record-breaking. The recommendations, advice, and code samples in this book will help you pretrain and fine-tune your own foundation models from scratch on AWS and Amazon SageMaker, while applying them to hundreds of use cases across your organization. With advice from seasoned AWS and machine learning expert Emily Webber, this book helps you learn everything you need to go from project ideation to dataset preparation, training, evaluation, and deployment for large language, vision, and multimodal models. With step-by-step explanations of essential concepts and practical examples, you’ll go from mastering the concept of pretraining to preparing your dataset and model, configuring your environment, training, fine-tuning, evaluating, deploying, and optimizing your foundation models. You will learn how to apply the scaling laws to distributing your model and dataset over multiple GPUs, remove bias, achieve high throughput, and build deployment pipelines. By the end of this book, you’ll be well equipped to embark on your own project to pretrain and fine-tune the foundation models of the future.
Table of Contents (23 chapters)
1
Part 1: Before Pretraining
5
Part 2: Configure Your Environment
9
Part 3: Train Your Model
13
Part 4: Evaluate Your Model
17
Part 5: Deploy Your Model

Advanced techniques – prefix and prompt tuning

You might be wondering; isn’t there some sophisticated way to use optimization techniques and find the right prompt, without even updating the model parameters? The answer is yes, there are many ways of doing this. First, let’s try to understand prefix tuning.

Prefix tuning

This technique was proposed (13) by a pair of Stanford researchers in 2021 specifically for text generation. The core idea, as you can see in the following diagram from their paper, is that instead of producing a net-new model for each downstream task, a less resource-intensive option is to create a simple vector for each task itself, called the prefix.

Figure 13.5 – Prefix tuning

Figure 13.5 – Prefix tuning

The core idea here is that instead of fine-tuning the entire pretrained transformer for each downstream task, let’s try to update just a single vector for that task. Then, we don’t need to store all of the model...