Book Image

Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 2020 - Fifth Edition

By : Harrison Ferrone
Book Image

Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 2020 - Fifth Edition

By: Harrison Ferrone

Overview of this book

Over the years, the Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity series has established itself as a popular choice for getting up to speed with C#, a powerful and versatile programming language that can be applied in a wide array of application areas. This book presents a clear path for learning C# programming from the ground up without complex jargon or unclear programming logic, all while building a simple game with Unity. This fifth edition has been updated to introduce modern C# features with the latest version of the Unity game engine, and a new chapter has been added on intermediate collection types. Starting with the basics of software programming and the C# language, you’ll learn the core concepts of programming in C#, including variables, classes, and object-oriented programming. Once you’ve got to grips with C# programming, you’ll enter the world of Unity game development and discover how you can create C# scripts for simple game mechanics. Throughout the book, you’ll gain hands-on experience with programming best practices to help you take your Unity and C# skills to the next level. By the end of this book, you’ll be able to leverage the C# language to build your own real-world Unity game development projects.

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Table of Contents (16 chapters)
Preface
Preface
Who this book is for
What this book covers
To get the most out of this book
Download the example code files
Download the color images
Conventions used
Get in touch
Reviews
1
Getting to Know Your Environment
Getting to Know Your Environment
Technical requirements
Getting started with Unity 2020
Using macOS
Creating a new project
Navigating the editor
Using C# with Unity
Working with C# scripts
Introducing the Visual Studio editor
Time for action – opening a C# file
Beware of naming mismatches
Syncing C# files
Exploring the documentation
Accessing Unity's documentation
Time for action – opening the Reference Manual
Time for action – using the Scripting Reference
Locating C# resources
Time for action – looking up a C# class
Summary
Pop quiz – dealing with scripts
Free Chapter
2
The Building Blocks of Programming
The Building Blocks of Programming
Defining variables
Names are important
Variables act as placeholders
Time for action – creating a variable
Time for action – changing a variable's value
Understanding methods
Methods drive actions
Methods are placeholders too
Time for action – creating a simple method
Introducing classes
A common Unity class
Classes are blueprints
Working with comments
Practical backslashes
Multi-line comments
Time for action – adding comments
Putting the building blocks together
Scripts become components
A helping hand from MonoBehavior
Hero's trial – MonoBehavior in the Scripting API
Communication among classes
Summary
Pop quiz – C# building blocks
3
Diving into Variables, Types, and Methods
Diving into Variables, Types, and Methods
Writing proper C#
Debugging your code
Declaring variables
Type and value declarations
Type-only declarations
Using access modifiers
Choosing a security level
Time for action – making a variable private
Working with types
Common built-in types
Time for action – playing with different types
Time for action – creating interpolated strings
Type conversions
Inferred declarations
Custom types
Types roundup
Naming variables
Best practices
Understanding variable scope
Introducing operators
Arithmetic and assignments
Time for action – executing incorrect type operations
Defining methods
Basic syntax
Modifiers and parameters
Time for action – defining a simple method
Naming conventions
Methods are logic detours
Specifying parameters
Time for action – adding method parameters
Specifying return values
Time for action – adding a return type
Using return values
Time for action – capturing return values
Hero's trial – methods as arguments
Dissecting common Unity methods
The Start method
The Update method
Summary
Pop quiz – variables and methods
4
Control Flow and Collection Types
Control Flow and Collection Types
Selection statements
The if-else statement
Basic syntax
Time for action – thieving prospects
Using the NOT operator
Nesting statements
Evaluating multiple conditions
Time for action – reaching the treasure
The switch statement
Basic syntax
Pattern matching
Time for action – choosing an action
Fall-through cases
Time for action – rolling the dice
Pop quiz 1 – if, and, or but
Collections at a glance
Arrays
Basic syntax
Indexing and subscripts
Range exceptions
Lists
Basic syntax
Time for action – party members
Common methods
Dictionaries
Basic syntax
Time for action – setting up an inventory
Working with dictionary pairs
Pop quiz 2 – all about collections
Iteration statements
For loops
Time for action – finding an element
foreach loops
Looping through key-value pairs
Hero's trial – finding affordable items
while loops
Time for action – tracking player lives
To infinity and beyond
Summary
5
Working with Classes, Structs, and OOP
Working with Classes, Structs, and OOP
Defining a class
Basic syntax
Time for action – creating a character class
Instantiating class objects
Time for action – creating a new character
Adding class fields
Time for action – fleshing out character details
Using constructors
Time for action – specifying starting properties
Declaring class methods
Time for action – printing out character data
Declaring structs
Basic syntax
Time for action – creating a weapon struct
Understanding reference and value types
Reference types
Time for action – creating a new hero
Value types
Time for action – copying weapons
Integrating the object-oriented mindset
Encapsulation
Time for action – adding a reset
Inheritance
Base constructors
Time for action – calling a base constructor
Composition
Polymorphism
Time for action – functional variations
OOP roundup
Applying OOP in Unity
Objects are a class act
Accessing components
Basic syntax
Time for action – accessing the current transform component
Time for action – finding components on different objects
Drag and drop
Time for action – assigning variables in Unity
Summary
Pop quiz – all things OOP
6
Getting Your Hands Dirty with Unity
Getting Your Hands Dirty with Unity
A game design primer
Game design documents
The Hero Born one-page
Building a level
Creating primitives
Time for action – creating a ground plane
Thinking in 3D
Materials
Time for action – changing the ground color
White-boxing
Editor tools
Hero's trial – putting up drywall
Keeping the hierarchy clean
Time for action – using empty objects
Working with prefabs
Time for action – creating a turret
Time for action – updating the prefab
Time for action – finishing the level
Hero's trial – creating a health pickup
Lighting basics
Creating lights
Light component properties
Animating in Unity
Creating clips
Time for action – creating a new clip
Recording keyframes
Time for action – spinning animation
Curves and tangents
Time for action – smoothing the spin
The particle system
Time for action – adding sparkle effects
Summary
Pop quiz – basic Unity features
7
Movement, Camera Controls, and Collisions
Movement, Camera Controls, and Collisions
Moving the player
Player setup
Time for action – creating the player capsule
Understanding vectors
Getting player input
Time for action – player locomotion
Adding a following Camera
Time for action – scripting camera behavior
Working with Unity physics
Rigidbody components in motion
Time for action – accessing the Rigidbody component
Time for action – moving the Rigidbody component
Colliders and collisions
Time for action – picking up an item
Using Collider triggers
Time for action – creating an enemy
Time for action – capturing trigger events
Hero's trial – all the prefabs!
Physics roundup
Summary
Pop quiz – player controls and physics
8
Scripting Game Mechanics
Scripting Game Mechanics
Adding jumps
Introducing enumerations
Underlying types
Time for action – pressing the spacebar to jump!
Working with layer masks
Time for action – setting object layers
Time for action – one jump at a time
Shooting projectiles
Instantiating objects
Time for action – creating a projectile prefab
Time for action – adding the shooting mechanic
Managing GameObject buildup
Time for action – destroying bullets
Creating a game manager
Tracking player properties
Time for action – creating a game manager
The get and set properties
Time for action – adding backing variables
Time for action – updating item collection
Adding player polish
Graphical UI
Time for action – adding UI elements
Win and loss conditions
Time for action – winning the game
Using directives and namespaces
Time for action – pausing and restarting
Summary
Pop quiz – working with mechanics
9
Basic AI and Enemy Behavior
Basic AI and Enemy Behavior
Navigating in Unity
Navigation components
Time for action – setting up the NavMesh
Time for action – setting up enemy agents
Moving enemy agents
Procedural programming
Time for action – referencing the patrol locations
Time for action – moving the enemy
Time for action – patrolling continuously between locations
Enemy game mechanics
Seek and destroy
Time for action – changing the agent's destination
Time for action – lowering player health
Time for action – detecting bullet collisions
Time for action – updating the game manager
Refactoring and keeping it DRY
Time for action – creating a restart method
Hero's trial – refactoring win/lose logic
Summary
Pop quiz – AI and navigation
10
Revisiting Types, Methods, and Classes
Revisiting Types, Methods, and Classes
Access Modifier redux
Constant and read-only properties
Using the static keyword
Time for action – creating a static class
Methods redux
Overloading methods
Time for action – overloading the level restart
Ref parameters
Time for action – tracking player restarts
Out parameters
OOP redux
Interfaces
Time for action – creating a manager interface
Time for action – adopting an interface
Abstract classes
Class extensions
Time for action – extending the string class
Time for action – using an extension method
Namespace redux
Type aliasing
Summary
Pop quiz – leveling up
11
Introducing Stacks, Queues, and HashSets
Introducing Stacks, Queues, and HashSets
Introducing stacks
Basic syntax
Time for action – storing collected items
Popping and peeking
Time for action – the last item collected
Common methods
Working with queues
Basic syntax
Adding, removing, and peeking
Common methods
Using HashSets
Basic syntax
Performing operations
Summary
Pop quiz – intermediate collections
12
Exploring Generics, Delegates, and Beyond
Exploring Generics, Delegates, and Beyond
Introducing generics
Generic objects
Time for action – creating a generic collection
Generic methods
Time for action – adding a generic item
Constraining type parameters
Time for action – limiting generic elements
Delegating actions
Basic syntax
Time for action – creating a debug delegate
Delegates as parameter types
Time for action – using a delegate argument
Firing events
Basic syntax
Time for action – creating an event
Handling event subscriptions
Time for action – subscribing to an event
Handling exceptions
Throwing exceptions
Time for action – checking negative scene indexes
Using try-catch
Time for action – catching restart errors
Design pattern primer
Common game patterns
Summary
Pop quiz – intermediate C#
13
The Journey Continues
The Journey Continues
Scratching the surface
Remembering your object-oriented programming
Approaching Unity projects
Unity features we didn't cover
Next steps
C# resources
Unity resources
Unity certifications
Hero's trial – putting something out into the world
Summary
14
Pop Quiz Answers
Chapter 1 – Getting to Know Your Environment
Pop quiz – dealing with scripts
Chapter 2 – The Building Blocks of Programming
Pop quiz – C# building blocks
Chapter 3 – Diving into Variables, Types, and Methods
Pop quiz #1 – variables and types
Pop quiz #2 – understanding methods
Chapter 4 – Using Collections and Controlling Your Code
Pop quiz #1 – if, and, or but
Pop quiz #2 – all about collections
Chapter 5 – Working with Classes, Structs, and OOP
Pop quiz – all things OOP
Chapter 6 – Getting Your Hands Dirty with Unity
Pop quiz – basic Unity features
Chapter 7 – Movement, Camera Controls, and Collisions
Pop quiz – player controls and physics
Chapter 8 – Scripting Game Mechanics
Pop quiz – working with mechanics
Chapter 9 – Basic AI and Enemy Behavior
Pop quiz – AI and navigation
Chapter 10 – Revisiting Types, Methods, and Classes
Pop quiz – leveling up
Chapter 11 – Introducing Stacks, Queues, and HashSets
Pop quiz – intermediate collections
Chapter 12 – Exploring Generics, Delegates, and Beyond
Pop quiz – intermediate C#
15
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Time for action – opening the Reference Manual

Every GameObject (an item in the Hierarchy window) in a Scene has a Transform component that controls its Position, Rotation, and Scale. To keep things simple, we'll just look up the camera's Transform component in the Reference Manual:

  1. In the Hierarchy tab, select the Main Camera object.
  2. Move over to the Inspector tab and click on the information icon (question mark) at the top-right of the Transform component:

You'll see a web browser open on the Transform page of the Reference Manual. All the components in Unity have this feature, so if you ever want to know more about how something works, you know what to do:

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